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Introduction To Site
Welcome to the S100Computers.com
home page. This web site is setup for people who are interested in
vintage S-100 bus based computers. These computers were the first home computers
people used before IBM-PC, Apple etc. computers existed. These largely forgotten
computers have now experienced a revival of in interest by hobbyists. There were about
20 major (and many minor) manufactures of these computers (see
here) which made thousands of
these computers. Many were supplied as "kits" which each user assembled. The common
denominator of all these systems was that they were all designed around a board
with an edge connector consisting of 100 connections. Multiple boards could
be plugged into such a "S-100 bus". Different manufactures offered unique boards,
but by-and-large they all worked together in an S-100 bus system. The S-100 bus
was designed initially for 8 bit CPU's. It became very popular. It later evolved into
a bus for 16 bit CPU's and finally was approved by the IEEE as the IEEE-696
bus.
S-100 Bus Components:-The Bus & Motherboards
The reason
the S-100 bus became the de facto
standard for early computer hobbyists
back in the 1970's and early 80's was that one was not aligned
to any one manufacturer. During that time there was an explosion of information
and interest in home computers. Early companies were very creative in designing
boards with unique features. They all could function together if they were plugged
into a S-100 motherboard.
The IMSAI computer probably being the best known example of this. Early motherboards
were nothing more than 100 pin connectors wired in parallel. The first home computer
the Altair, had a bus structure like
this.
A small motherboard of 4 board slots could be joined to multiples of these boards
to make a bus of up to about 16 board slots. This arrangement worked fine
for a low clock speed 8080 CPU running at 2 MHz. Soon afterwards another company
IMSAI came out with a more noise resistant data bus with all connectors on one
board. This quickly became the de-facto "S-100 bus computer".
While it is easy to look back now at the early Altair S-100 computer and
see how it could have been improved, we should remember however, that
when Ed Roberts started there was severe price
constraints of what the system could cost. It was this low cost
that got the home computer concept going amongst hobbyists and launched
the industry.
However soon people
wanted to increase the speed of the bus. Longer
multiple board slots soon appeared. It was not long until other electronic engineers
got involved and started producing "active terminated" signal lines.
The Godbout 19 slot S-100 bus board was one of the most popular. This motherboard
had pull up and down resistors on each of the data, address and control lines to
reduce signal noise. A schematic of this arrangement is illustrated
here. Later many commercial and homebrew S-100 systems had at least 16-18 slots
in a board cage to which multiple boards from multiple manufactures were added. This
became the standard home computer setup of the late 1970's.
S-100 Bus Boards (or boards) as they were often called, fall into 8 major types:-
CPU Boards
Many S-100 CPU boards then started to appear. Almost at the same time people started to recognize the Zilog Z80 8 bit CPU as an alternative to the 8080. This CPU was easier to interface with in hardware. It also had to ability to easily utilize dynamic RAM memory (see below) and in fact had some extra nice CPU op codes (like inputting from a port addressed in the C register while counting down in the B register). However most of the software catered to the lowest common denominator (8080 code) in these early systems. A company called Technical Design Labs (TDL) later called Xitan, was the first really successful Z80 Based CPU S-100 board. They backed this board up with a System Monitor Board (SMB) that along with a memory board allowed you to have a really functional home computer.
With time people started filling up the real estate on the CPU board with extra components. Such as jump on reset circuits to specific memory locations, ROM's, I/O ports, diagnostic LED's, interrupt controllers and when 16 bit data bus and 24 bit addressing appeared modifications to make them IEEE 696 compatible. An excellent example of a board like this is the Ithaca Intersystem's CPU board. This is the CPU board I have used in my homebrew system. The board is completely IEEE 696 compatible allowing one to actually address 1MG of system RAM. It has an on board interrupt controller and onboard ROM.
Memory Boards
As with the above CPU boards the early S-100 memory boards were very basic. All utilized static RAM chips. The figures below show pictures of the original Altair and IMSAI RAM boards. Because the early CPU's ran at a slow 2MHz clock speed they were simple to construct and were consequently quite reliable. The late 1970's was a time of rapid development of RAM chips. 1K, 2K, 4K, and 8K boards proliferated. Soon people started to look seriously at using dynamic RAM memory chips for the S-100 bus. After a few early boards which had compatibility problems they gradually became as reliable as static RAM boards. There were eventually a number of these boards. Probably one of the most successful was the SD Systems ExpandoRam board. This held what seems like an enormous block of memory at that time (16K). This was latter improved upon to the enormously popular 64K dynamic memory board. There were probably more of these boards sold than all other 64K RAM boards put together at the time. A picture of the board is shown in figure 15. Later, 64k boards became common in both static and dynamic forms. Later still 256K memory boards (see below)) started to appear. Static memory came down in price in the early 1980's so many people switched to using static RAM memory boards. The difficulty of refreshing dynamic memory in an 8/16 bit dual CPU system was simply too much trouble. By 1985 it became common to see S-100 systems with over 500K of memory.
I/O Boards
Clearly in all but the simplest applications you are going to have to get data into and out of the computer. From the start of the S-100 bus era a whole proliferation of I/O boards started to appear. Early S-100 boards where simply parallel, or serial (RS232) port boards. Then both started to appear on the same board. Typical later boards had 1, 2 or 3 serial ports along with a few parallel ports. Later more sophisticated boards started to appear. A major milestone in those early days was the TDL "System Monitor Board". This board ,with a CPU board, gave you a complete functional system. It had a ROM monitor to take care of all software I/O and system initialization. It had 3 serial RS232 ports, a parallel port (for a printer) a cassette interface to read and store data on tape as well as 4K of static RAM. It was the first real example of having software redirecting computer I/O via an "IOBYTE" to different ports. A guy named Roger Amidon in 1976 wrote the Zapple Monitor for the ROM which in countless other situations was used and modified as the basic S-100 startup monitor. The board was way ahead of its time.
With time quite elaborate I/O boards started to appear for the bus. Following the TDL example most combined serial and parallel ports on the one board. The Z80 and 8080 allows for only 64 IO ports. One issue that soon started to appear was finding a "block" of ports on the bus for a new board that did not overlap with other boards. It became quite important to have a flexible and movable I/O ports addressable setup. Perhaps the most elaborate example of I/O port flexibility was the Morrow "Multi I/O board". You addressed one port on the board which then bank selected other ports on the board in software. Unfortunately the thing was so complicated that few spent the time figuring the thing out. Nevertheless the board was extremely powerful.. It had 3 serial ports, one parallel port, a timer/clock chip and a interrupt controller chip. The Cromemco TU-ART dual serial and parallel board was an example of a board that while powerful requited a lot of IO ports. Another popular board was the Victor Graphic "ByteStreamer". It had three serial ports and two parallel ports.
Video Boards
The other way these computers were configured to talk to you was to use a video display board to display the information and input the data from a serial or (more common) a parallel keyboard driven port. These boards were typically a bit more complex that some of the above early boards because even in the late 70's CRT controller chip like functions had to be implicated with 7400 TTL chips. A popular video S-100 display board was one made by Solid State Music called the VB-1. The board was memory mapped meaning that when characters were placed in a certain region of the S-100 CPU's 64K memory space they appeared in the video produced by the board. This allowed fast (but primitive) B&W games to be played. A color output equivalent of this board was the Cromemco Dazzler board. It was an amazing implementation of TTL logic on a 2 piece S-100 board system. Indeed it was quite a few years before any other equivalent color video board could match this Cromemco board. Unfortunately these boards were not capable of displaying more than 64 characters per line on the CRT. The real world for text required 80 characters per line and at least 24 lines per CRT display.
A somewhat later but very popular display board matching these parameters was the SD Systems 8024 video board. As shown above. This S-100 board had it's own CRT controller and character generator chip set. It was I/O mapped, meaning that from a software point of view for the S-100 CPU, it communicated over a set of ports as if it was an external CRT terminal. Towards the end of the S-100 bus era quite sophisticated video boards started to appear. A popular one was the Lomas data "Color Magic" board. This board contained an IEEE 969 24 bit addressable memory mapped video that was completely compatible with the IBM-PC CGA video board. It also had an IBM-PC compatible keyboard port and interrupt controller on board.
Floppy Disk Controller Boards
When Shugart brought out the first 5" floppy disk drives and it became commonly available to S-100 users the world of data storage changed forever. IBM and others already had 8" floppy disk drives and they were becoming more prevalent for those that could afford them, but the 5" floppy was much cheaper. What was needed was a S-100 board to read and write to these drives. Two early formats of disk drives emerged. One was a disk controller by Northstar. This controller board consisted of many 7400 type TTL discrete logic chips. It required a "hard sectored" disk, meaning the disk had many holes, one for each track sector. It was reliable, simple and popular for a time. However with the availability of LSI floppy disc controllers such as the 1771 and 1791/1795 by Western Digital all this changed. Very reliable high density floppy discs could be easily read and written to with S-100 boards that utilized these chips. Further the disks were a single index hole soft sectored type allowing a proliferation of many disk formats. An extremely popular and reliable floppy disk controller of this type was the SD Systems Versafloppy II disk controller. The controller worked with both 8" and 5" drives in single and double density formats. However in the end almost every major S-100 manufacturer had their own disk controller.
Other popular floppy disk controller S-100 boards were those by CompuPro and Cromemco. These types of boards represented to some extent the apex of the S-100 board era. They were quite complex for their time. Made good use of the boards real estate and were very reliable.
Front Panel Board
While not strictly essential, a front panel control board makes life much easier when building an S-100 system. Some early systems came with one already built in. The best known being the classical Altair and IMSAI computer system front panels. These boards via the numerous switches allowed the operation to do things like examine a memory location or port, alter the values there, or "single step" the CPU one instruction at a time through memory. Historically the front panel also generated the S-100 memory write signal (pin 68) by combining the status line sOUT and the line pWR*. Later CPU boards of course moved this function to their CPU board. You should always check this however and make sure there are not two memory write signals being generated on the bus. This still remains one of the most embarrassing aspects of the S-100 Bus. There is no reason why the memory write signal should be treated any different to other bus signals generated by the CPU or slave controller. I have spent some time with my own homebrew system putting together a more modern front panel board that is IEEE-696 compatible and controls the bus and displays the program counter etc in HEX display LED's. This will be described elsewhere on this site. The Wamco front panel shown below was a particularly good board and is described in more detail here.
S-100 Computers Today
S-100 Bus Boards (or boards) as they were often called, fall into 8 major types:-
CPU Boards
The original Altair
and IMSAI computers were driven with Intel 8080 CPU based boards. The figure
below shows an early Altair CPU board. This was a very basic board with only the required
support 7400 type TTL chips to get the CPU signals out on to the S-100 bus. It did
have a top row of pins in a Molex connector to bring some control lines to a front
panel "control" board that allowed the operator to control detailed aspects of the
CPU. Things like single stepping the instructions in memory, inputting data into
memory, resetting the CPU etc. This was the S-100's first CPU board. The thing was
primitive. It did not even have gold plated edge connectors making corrosion a problem
over time . Improvements soon followed. The IMSAI equivalent CPU also shown
below, at least had gold plated edge connectors as did almost all S-100 boards after
that. IMSAI brought out more controls to the front panel using instead of a single
line 8 pin Molex connector a 16
pin IC rainbow wire connector. From then on almost all the
early S-100 CPU board manufactures used this arrangement.
Many S-100 CPU boards then started to appear. Almost at the same time people started to recognize the Zilog Z80 8 bit CPU as an alternative to the 8080. This CPU was easier to interface with in hardware. It also had to ability to easily utilize dynamic RAM memory (see below) and in fact had some extra nice CPU op codes (like inputting from a port addressed in the C register while counting down in the B register). However most of the software catered to the lowest common denominator (8080 code) in these early systems. A company called Technical Design Labs (TDL) later called Xitan, was the first really successful Z80 Based CPU S-100 board. They backed this board up with a System Monitor Board (SMB) that along with a memory board allowed you to have a really functional home computer.
With time people started filling up the real estate on the CPU board with extra components. Such as jump on reset circuits to specific memory locations, ROM's, I/O ports, diagnostic LED's, interrupt controllers and when 16 bit data bus and 24 bit addressing appeared modifications to make them IEEE 696 compatible. An excellent example of a board like this is the Ithaca Intersystem's CPU board. This is the CPU board I have used in my homebrew system. The board is completely IEEE 696 compatible allowing one to actually address 1MG of system RAM. It has an on board interrupt controller and onboard ROM.
Memory Boards
As with the above CPU boards the early S-100 memory boards were very basic. All utilized static RAM chips. The figures below show pictures of the original Altair and IMSAI RAM boards. Because the early CPU's ran at a slow 2MHz clock speed they were simple to construct and were consequently quite reliable. The late 1970's was a time of rapid development of RAM chips. 1K, 2K, 4K, and 8K boards proliferated. Soon people started to look seriously at using dynamic RAM memory chips for the S-100 bus. After a few early boards which had compatibility problems they gradually became as reliable as static RAM boards. There were eventually a number of these boards. Probably one of the most successful was the SD Systems ExpandoRam board. This held what seems like an enormous block of memory at that time (16K). This was latter improved upon to the enormously popular 64K dynamic memory board. There were probably more of these boards sold than all other 64K RAM boards put together at the time. A picture of the board is shown in figure 15. Later, 64k boards became common in both static and dynamic forms. Later still 256K memory boards (see below)) started to appear. Static memory came down in price in the early 1980's so many people switched to using static RAM memory boards. The difficulty of refreshing dynamic memory in an 8/16 bit dual CPU system was simply too much trouble. By 1985 it became common to see S-100 systems with over 500K of memory.
I/O Boards
Clearly in all but the simplest applications you are going to have to get data into and out of the computer. From the start of the S-100 bus era a whole proliferation of I/O boards started to appear. Early S-100 boards where simply parallel, or serial (RS232) port boards. Then both started to appear on the same board. Typical later boards had 1, 2 or 3 serial ports along with a few parallel ports. Later more sophisticated boards started to appear. A major milestone in those early days was the TDL "System Monitor Board". This board ,with a CPU board, gave you a complete functional system. It had a ROM monitor to take care of all software I/O and system initialization. It had 3 serial RS232 ports, a parallel port (for a printer) a cassette interface to read and store data on tape as well as 4K of static RAM. It was the first real example of having software redirecting computer I/O via an "IOBYTE" to different ports. A guy named Roger Amidon in 1976 wrote the Zapple Monitor for the ROM which in countless other situations was used and modified as the basic S-100 startup monitor. The board was way ahead of its time.
With time quite elaborate I/O boards started to appear for the bus. Following the TDL example most combined serial and parallel ports on the one board. The Z80 and 8080 allows for only 64 IO ports. One issue that soon started to appear was finding a "block" of ports on the bus for a new board that did not overlap with other boards. It became quite important to have a flexible and movable I/O ports addressable setup. Perhaps the most elaborate example of I/O port flexibility was the Morrow "Multi I/O board". You addressed one port on the board which then bank selected other ports on the board in software. Unfortunately the thing was so complicated that few spent the time figuring the thing out. Nevertheless the board was extremely powerful.. It had 3 serial ports, one parallel port, a timer/clock chip and a interrupt controller chip. The Cromemco TU-ART dual serial and parallel board was an example of a board that while powerful requited a lot of IO ports. Another popular board was the Victor Graphic "ByteStreamer". It had three serial ports and two parallel ports.
Video Boards
The other way these computers were configured to talk to you was to use a video display board to display the information and input the data from a serial or (more common) a parallel keyboard driven port. These boards were typically a bit more complex that some of the above early boards because even in the late 70's CRT controller chip like functions had to be implicated with 7400 TTL chips. A popular video S-100 display board was one made by Solid State Music called the VB-1. The board was memory mapped meaning that when characters were placed in a certain region of the S-100 CPU's 64K memory space they appeared in the video produced by the board. This allowed fast (but primitive) B&W games to be played. A color output equivalent of this board was the Cromemco Dazzler board. It was an amazing implementation of TTL logic on a 2 piece S-100 board system. Indeed it was quite a few years before any other equivalent color video board could match this Cromemco board. Unfortunately these boards were not capable of displaying more than 64 characters per line on the CRT. The real world for text required 80 characters per line and at least 24 lines per CRT display.
A somewhat later but very popular display board matching these parameters was the SD Systems 8024 video board. As shown above. This S-100 board had it's own CRT controller and character generator chip set. It was I/O mapped, meaning that from a software point of view for the S-100 CPU, it communicated over a set of ports as if it was an external CRT terminal. Towards the end of the S-100 bus era quite sophisticated video boards started to appear. A popular one was the Lomas data "Color Magic" board. This board contained an IEEE 969 24 bit addressable memory mapped video that was completely compatible with the IBM-PC CGA video board. It also had an IBM-PC compatible keyboard port and interrupt controller on board.
Cassette Controller Boards
Early S-100 computers loaded and
stored data on common cassette magnetic tapes. The TDL System monitor described
above for example had the hardware to do this. However this system was finicky
and was never real popular. A very popular dedicated S-100 board for reading and
writing to a cassette was one made by Tarbell. It was almost universal in its
acceptance and quite reliable. These days when I download from the web a 10MG
file in seconds I sometimes reflect on the time and tension one experienced when
downloading a 100K file on a cassette from a friend. Taking many minutes (and
sometimes try's) to do in those days. Other tape controller boards did exist but
none as popular as the Tarbell. For a brief period of time even commercial
software was sold in "Tarbell format".
Floppy Disk Controller Boards
When Shugart brought out the first 5" floppy disk drives and it became commonly available to S-100 users the world of data storage changed forever. IBM and others already had 8" floppy disk drives and they were becoming more prevalent for those that could afford them, but the 5" floppy was much cheaper. What was needed was a S-100 board to read and write to these drives. Two early formats of disk drives emerged. One was a disk controller by Northstar. This controller board consisted of many 7400 type TTL discrete logic chips. It required a "hard sectored" disk, meaning the disk had many holes, one for each track sector. It was reliable, simple and popular for a time. However with the availability of LSI floppy disc controllers such as the 1771 and 1791/1795 by Western Digital all this changed. Very reliable high density floppy discs could be easily read and written to with S-100 boards that utilized these chips. Further the disks were a single index hole soft sectored type allowing a proliferation of many disk formats. An extremely popular and reliable floppy disk controller of this type was the SD Systems Versafloppy II disk controller. The controller worked with both 8" and 5" drives in single and double density formats. However in the end almost every major S-100 manufacturer had their own disk controller.
Other popular floppy disk controller S-100 boards were those by CompuPro and Cromemco. These types of boards represented to some extent the apex of the S-100 board era. They were quite complex for their time. Made good use of the boards real estate and were very reliable.
Hard Disk Controllers
Next came hard disks as the medium of
storing data in S-100 based computers. I remember well the day I installed my
first 5 MG Shugart hard disk. And how I marveled at all that storage space!
S-100 controller boards for hard disks were initially slow in coming. There was
no equivalent of the 1771 or 1791/95 controller chips. Furthermore these early
pre IBM-PC, MFM encoded drives did not have a disk controller on the drive (as
current IDE, SATA etc. drives have). Everything had to be done in 7400 based TTL
logic chips and software. Eventually however hard disk controller boards came.
One very good and reliable board (actually two S-100 boards joined via an overhead
connector), was the XComp
disk controller board. This board set is shown below. The board could control both
8" or the soon to become more common 5" drives.
Front Panel Board
While not strictly essential, a front panel control board makes life much easier when building an S-100 system. Some early systems came with one already built in. The best known being the classical Altair and IMSAI computer system front panels. These boards via the numerous switches allowed the operation to do things like examine a memory location or port, alter the values there, or "single step" the CPU one instruction at a time through memory. Historically the front panel also generated the S-100 memory write signal (pin 68) by combining the status line sOUT and the line pWR*. Later CPU boards of course moved this function to their CPU board. You should always check this however and make sure there are not two memory write signals being generated on the bus. This still remains one of the most embarrassing aspects of the S-100 Bus. There is no reason why the memory write signal should be treated any different to other bus signals generated by the CPU or slave controller. I have spent some time with my own homebrew system putting together a more modern front panel board that is IEEE-696 compatible and controls the bus and displays the program counter etc in HEX display LED's. This will be described elsewhere on this site. The Wamco front panel shown below was a particularly good board and is described in more detail here.
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S-100 Computers Today
Over
time many specialized S-100 boards appeared. These included modem boards, math processor
boards, speech synthesis boards, time clock boards, and many relay control I/O boards.
Towards the early 1980's with the approval of the IEEE 969 standard, S-100 bus
boards
had become very sophisticated allowing multiple 8 and 16 bit CPU's on the bus and
clock speeds of up to 5MHz and above.
Today
S-100 based computers do not exist commercially.
Technology has moved on. CPU clock speeds are now in the GHz range rather that
the 2-5 MHz ranges. 32 and 64 bit systems are the standard and computer buses
it they exist at all on a home computer systems are orders of magnitude faster
and more complex. Nevertheless there is a growing number of amateur computer collectors and hobbyists
that collect and maintain S-100 based computers much as veteran car collectors and
hobbyists work with cars of the by-gone ages.
This web site is one of a number that
shares this passion. It is by no means inclusive, it is however the effort of one
person to share with others the magic of those early days and reinvent the spirit.
The best way to get in contact with me is
to use our forum.
Alternatively via e-mail at
monahan @vitasoft.org
Please Note: Remove the space before the '@' character to use the above e-mail address (This prevents spam).
My address is:-
John Monahan
3839 Cottonwood Drive
Danville, CA 94506.
Please Note: Remove the space before the '@' character to use the above e-mail address (This prevents spam).
My address is:-
John Monahan
3839 Cottonwood Drive
Danville, CA 94506.