Australian pennies dated 1931 were minted in Melbourne using two obverse and two reverse dies for a total of four combinations. The coins with the London reverse have a "misaligned 1" in the date (see picture below).

The 1931 penny had a fairly low mintage. According to Melbourne Branch Mint records only 494,400 pennies were struck in that year. (Of those a few were dated 1930.)

Varieties

Designation	P31.1A.M	P31.1B.M	P31.2A.M	P31.2B.M
Obverse	London	London	Calcutta	Calcutta
Reverse	London	Birmingham	London	Birmingham
Scarcity	Common	Common	Extremely rare	Rare

Reverses

	P31M.xA This is the London reverse with 174 rim denticles. All 1931 pennies struck with this reverse have the second 1 in the date "misaligned" and the last four letters in AUSTRALIA have the AL aligned with rim denticles and IA aligned with gaps between denticles.
	P31M.xB This is the Birmingham reverse with 177 rim denticles. It has a date with the final 1 in the "normal" position and the last four letters in AUSTRALIA have AL aligned with gaps between rim denticles and IA aligned with denticles.

Enlargements of the date

	P31M.xA Date on the London reverse showing the final 1 "misaligned".
	P31M.xB Date on the Birmingham reverse with the final 1 in a "normal" position.

The Calcutta obverse is rare but the London reverse (misaligned 1) is common. What is really rare is the combination of the London reverse and the Calcutta obverse. In "The Coins and Tokens of British Oceania" (5th ed, 1971) Robert Clarke² says:

The author has found the misaligned 1 variety to be slightly more plentiful than the normal date. In an examination of 460 misaligned 1 coins only 2 with the Calcutta die obverse were found. The only other penny to approach this ratio of rarity is the 1915 misaligned 5 which was found once in 180 coins of this date and mint.

Why should the 2A variety be so extraordinarily rare? I suspect that the Calcutta dies were used during the latter part of the experiments which generated the 1930 pennies before the (Melbourne) Mint decided to use the London die exclusively. The rare 1931 pennies struck with the Calcutta die represent the last occasion on which the Calcutta die was used for Australian pennnies.

P31M.2A really exists

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