LESSON1:

  To make an ASM program you will need the foloowingfiles:  After you have all the programming utilities you need,you are almost ready to start your first program. This is what every ASM program will look like:
 
#include "asm86.h"        ;I use Asm86 to compile, so I include this
#include "ti86asm.inc"     ;this is TI's includefile

.org _asm_exec_ram         ;starting point for all asm progs, $D748
   ; all the ASM goes in here
.end

   The most important thing you need to understandis what a register is, and how to use it.  A register is a 16bit (2byte) memory location, found on the CPU itself.  On the Z80 you havethe following important Registers:   These registerscan be broken up into TWO 8bit (1 byte) registers each. (ie A,F,B,C,D,E,L,..) Of these 8 bit registers, A is the most important.  Register A iswhat is called the Accumulator, some calls will only work on A (sub,or,xor,and,...). The A register is grouped with the F register.. Why? well F stands forFlags, and it contains the follwing flags (sign,zero,half carry,parity,add/subject,carry)
 
Theseare the instructions that will be covered in this lesson:
LD
ADD/SUB
INC/DEC
 
LD
  Thefirst thing you will want to do is to load a value into a register. This is done with the LD instruction.  Here are some examples:
ld a,0    ; loads the value0 into register a
ld b,2    ; loads the value 2 intoregister b
ld de,257 ; loads the value 257 into register de
         ;(same as loading 1 into d and 1 into e)
ld d,$0A  ; NOTE $8A represents a HEX number,
         ; %00100100 represents a BIN number,
         ; 52 just a decimal number.
         ; this loads $0A into d, $0A is the same as 10
ld a,d    ; loads the current valueof d into a (in this case 10)
 
NOTE:An 8-bit regiser can only hold the values from 0-255 (%00000000-%11111111),but a 16 bit register can hold the values 0-65535.
  The register HL, is primarly used for ADDRESSING,this means it usually points to another memory location.  The videoMemory is located at $FC00, so to have hl "point" to the video memory youuse the command:
ld hl,$FC00 ;loads the value $FC00 into registerhl
  Now, to copy a value into the memory locationthat HL is pointing to, we do somthing called inderect addressing. This is accomplished by placing parens around the register name.
ld a,%10101010    ;loads thevalue %10101010 into reg. a
ld (hl),a        ;loads the value %10101010 into the
                 ;memory location that hl "points" to
                 ;the value of HL is $fc00 therefore
                 ;the value %10101010 is loaded into
                 ;memory location $fc00, which happens
                 ;to be the video memory :)
                 ;IT DOES NOT CHANGE THE VALUE OF HL!!
ld a,(hl)        ;similiarly this loads the value at
                 ;mem location $fc00 into the reg. a
 
back to list of instructions

ADD/SUB
  The next thing to learn, is how to add and subtractfrom a register.  To do this we use the indtructions ADD and SUB. These are the only ways that ADD can be used.  ex:
ld a,8      ;a=8
add a,10    ;a=a+10  a=18
ld hl,$FC00 ;hl = $FC00
ld bc,$00BB ;bc = $00BB
add hl,FCBB ;hl=hl+bc  hl = $fcbb
 
In order to add anything to the other registers, you mustdo it inderectly:
ld b,8      ;b=8
ld a,b      ;a=b
add a,5     ;a='b+5'
ld b,a      ;b='b+5'

;or

ld bc,46    ;bc=46
ld h,b      ;you can't do'ld hl,bc'
ld l,c      ;
ld bc,52    ;
add hl,bc   ;hl = bc+52
ld b,h      ;.
ld c,l      ;bc =bc+52

Now you know how to add, what about subtracting? That's it!  you can only SUB from a (the accumulator),therefore all other subratcions must be made inderectly.  Here aresome examples:
ld a,16    ;a=16
sub 5      ;a=a-5, a=11

ld b,65    ;b=65
ld a,b     ;a=65
sub 6      ;a=65-6, a=59
ld b,a     ;b=59

ADD and SUB let you add or subtract any number, however ifyou only want to add or subract the value 1 then you can use INC/DEC

back to list of instructions

INC/DEC These are the ony cases we will use.  Here are someexamples:
ld a,5    ;a=5
inc a     ;a=a+1, a=6
ld b,a    ;b=a, b=6
dec b     ;b=b-1, b=5

ld bc,568 ;bc=568
inc bc    ;bc=bc+1, bc=569
inc bc    ;bc=bc+1, bc=570

 back to list of instructions
INDEX    LESSON2
This is the end of Lesson1, I do not gaurantee any correctnessof any statements made above.
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